Cacao Research: Human Nutrition

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In this section:

• Phytonutrients
• Antioxidants
• Flavanols
• Polyphenols
• Phenolics
• General Review
• Antimicrobial

Phytonutrients

• Cocoa intake, blood pressure, and cardiovascular mortality. Archives Intern Medicine. 2006. Vol. 166, p 411-417. by Buijsse, B.; Feskens, E.J.M.; Kok, F.J.; Kromhout, D. [PDF: 100KB]
• Plant Compounds Inhibit Blood Clotting by R.M. Bliss [225 kb]
• Cocoa, diabetes, and hypertension: should we eat more chocolate? by C. Fraga [PDF: 32kb]
• Cocoa Has More Phenolic Phytochemicals and a Higher Antioxidant Capacity than Teas and Red Wine by K. W. Lee et al. [PDF: 66.6 kb]
• Comparative Study of different cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) clones in terms of their phenolics and anthocyanins contents. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, vol. 19, p. 612-619. by N. Niemenak, C. Rohsius, S. Elwers, D.O. Ndoumou, and R. Lieberei. [PDF: 217]
• Isolation and characterization of an AGAMOUS homologue from cocoa. Plant science, vol. 170. p.968-975. by T. Chaidamsari, Samanhudi, H. Sugiarti, D. Santoso, G.C. Angenent, and R.A. Maagd. [PDF: 587 KB]
• Cocoa flavanol-enriched snack bars containing phytosterols effectively lower total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, vol. 106., p. 1804-1813, 2006. by J.A. Polagruto, J.F. Wang-Polagruto, M.M. Braun, L. Lee, C. Kwik-Uribe, and C.L. Keen. [PDF: 152 KB] posted Jan. 2 2007
• Caffedymine from Cocoa has COX Inhibitory Activity Supressing the Expression of a Platelet Activation Marker, P-Selectin. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, vol. 5, p. 2171-2175, 2007. by J.B. Park [PDF: 222 KB] posted May 1 2007
• Dietary supplementation with cacao liquor proanthocyanidins prevents elevation of blood glucose levels in diabetic obese mice. Nutrition, vol. 23, p. 351-355, 2007. by M. Tomaru, H. Takano, N. Osakabe, A. Yasuda, K. Inoue, R. Yanagisawa, T. Ohwatari, and H. Uematsu. [PDF: 190 KB] posted July 3 2007
• The effect of cocoa and polydextrose on bacterial fermentation in gastrointestinal tract simulations. Bioscience, Biotechnology, Biochemistry, Vol. 71, p. 1834-1843, 2007. by H. Makivuokko, H. Kettunen, M. Saarinen, T. Kamiwaki, Y. Yokoyama, J. Stowell, and N. Rautonen. [PDF: 263 KB] posted October 31 2007
• Repression of cacitonin gene-related peptide expression in trigerminal neurons by a Theobroma cacao extract. Journal of Ethnopharamcology, vol. 115, p. 238-248, 2008 by M.J. Abbey, V.V. Patil, C.V. Vause, P.L. Durham [PDF: 116 KB] posted February 1 2008
• Predictive Relationship Between Polyphenol and Nonfat Cocoa Solids Content of Chocolate. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 56, p. 260-265. by K.A. Cooper, E. Campos-Gimenez, A.D. Jimenez, A. Rytz, K. Nagy, and G. Williamson. [PDF: 162 KB] posted March 3 2008
• Nutritional contribution of coffee, cacao, and tea phenolics to human health. Journal Verbr. Lenensm, vol. 2, p. 399-406, 2007. by H. M. Rawel and S. E. Kulling. [PDF: 296 KB] posted April 1 2008
• Cocoa procyanidins protect PC12 cells from hydrogen-peroxide-induced apoptosis by inhibiting activation of p38 MAPK and JNK. Mutation Research, vol. 640, p. 130-151, 2008 by E.S. Cho, K.W. Lee, and H.J. Lee [PDF: 750 KB] posted April 25 2008
• Effects of long-term administration of a cocoa polyphenolilc extract (Acticoa powder) on cognitive performances in aged rats. British journal of Nutrition, vol. 100, p.94-101, 2008. by J-F. Bisson, A. Nejdi, P. Rozan, S. Hidalgo, R. Lalonde, and M. Messaoudi. [PDF: 142 KB] posted August 1 2008
• Protective effect of polyphenol-rich extract prepared from Malaysian cocoa (Theobroma cacao) on glucose levels and lipid profiles in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J. Science Food Agriculture, vol. 88, p. 1442-1447, 2008. by A.M.M. Ruzaidi, M.M.J. Abbe, I. Amin, A.G. Nawalyah and I. Amin [PDF: 324 KB] posted August 1 2008
• Expectancy for food or expectancy for chocolate reveals timing systems for metabolism and reward. Neuroscience, vol. 155, p. 297-307, 2008 by M. Angeles-Castellanos, R. Salgado-Delgado, K. Rodriguez, R. Buijs, and C. Escobar. [PDF: 1.3 MB] posted August 27 2008
• Intestinal immune system of young rats influenced by cocoa-enriched diet. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, vol. 19, p. 555-565, 2008. by E. Ramiro-Puig, F.J. Perez-Cano, S. Ramos-Romero, T. Perez-Berezo, C. Castellote, J. Permanyer, A. Franch, M. Izquierdo-Pulido and M. Castell. [PDF: 650 KB] posted August 27 2008.
• Survey of the trans-Resveratrol and trans-piceid content of cocoa-containing and chocolate products. J. Agric. Food Chem., vol. 56, p. 8374-8378, 2008 by W.J. Hurst, J.A. Glinski, K.B. Miller, J. Apgar, M.H. Davey, and D.A. Stuart. [PDF: 190 KB] posted September 29 2008
• Impact of alkalization on the antioxidant and flavanol content of commercial cocoa powders. J. Agric. Food Chem., vol 56, p. 8527-8533. by K. Miller, W. Hurst, M. Payne, D. Stuart, J. Apgar, D. Sweigart and B. Ou. [PDF: 974 KB] posted September 29 2008
• The medicinal use of chocolate in early North America. Mol. Nutr. Food Res., vol. 52, 13 pp., 2008 by D. Pucciarelli and L. Grivette [PDF: 398] posted September 29 2008
• Cocoa intake modulates intestinal immune responses in young rate, influencing gammadelta T-cells and S-IgA production. J. Nutritional Biochemistry, vol. 19, p. 555-65, 2008 by E. Ramiro-Puig, F. Perez-Cano, S. Ramos-Romero, T. Perez-Berezo, C. Castellote, J. Permanyer, A. Franch, M. Izquierdo-Pulido, and M. Caster [PDF: 650 KB] posted September 29 2008
• Hypolipidemic effect in cholesterol-fed rats of a soluble fiber-rich product obtained from cocoa husks. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 56, p. 6985-93, 2008 by S. Ramos, L. Moulay, A.B. Granado-Serrano, O. Vilanova, B. Muguerza, L. Goya and L. Bravo. [PDF: 2.6 MB] posted September 29 2008
• The effects of milk as a food matrix for polyphenols on the excretion profile of cocoa (-)-epicatechin metabolites in healthy human subjects. British Journal of Nutrition, vol. 100, p. 846-51, 2008 by E. Roura, C. Andres-Lacueva, R. Estruch, M. Lourdes Mata Bilba, M. Izquierdo-Pulido and R. M. Lamuela-Raventos. [PDF: 128 KB] posted October 24 2008
• Cacao extracts suppress tryptophan degradation of mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 122, p. 261-267, 2009 by M. Jenny, E. Santer, A. Klein, M. Ledochowski, H. Schennach, F. Ueberall and D. Fuchs. [PDF: 291KB] posted May 4 2009
• Beneficial effects of Cocoa in Perivascular Mato Cells of cerebral arterioles in SHR-SP (Izm) Rats. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, vol. 44, p. 142-150, 2009 by T. Mato, M. Kamei, R. Ito, M. Sawano, K. Inokuchi, K. Nakata, A. Yamagushi, T. Kouki, U. Mitsuhashi and M. Mato. [PDF: 1288KB] posted May 4 2009
• Influence of a cocoa-enriched diet on specific immune response in ovalbumin-sensitized rats. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, vol. 53, p. 389-397, 2009 by T. Perez-Berezo, E. Ramiro-Puig, F.J. Perez-Cano, C. Castellote, J. Permanyer, A. Franch and M. Castell. [PDF: 935KB] posted May 4 2009
• Cocoa procyanidins attenuate 4-hydroxynonenal-induced apoptosis of PC12 cells by directly inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 activity. Free radical biology & Medicine, Vol. 46, p.1319-27, 2009 by E.S. Cho, Y.J. Jang, N.J. Kang, M.K. Hwang, Y.T. Kim, K.W. Lee and H.J. Lee. [PDF: 1.03MB] posted June 9 2009
• Off-line comprehensive 2-dimensional hydrophilic interaction xreversed phase liquid chromatography analysis of procyanidins.  Journal of Chromatography, vol.1216, p. 6274-84, 2009 by K.M. Kalili and A. de Villiers [PDF:1.22MB] posted September 22 2009
• Modulation of endothelial nitric oxide by plant-derived products.  Nitric oxide - biology and chemistry, vol. 21, p. 77-91, 2009 by C.A.  Schmitt and V.M. Dirsch [PDF: 358KB] posted September 22 2009
• Methodological aspects for metabolome visualization and characterization. A metabolomic evaluation of the 24 h evolution of human urine after cocoa powder consumption.  Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 51 ), pp. 373-381, 2010 by R. L lorach-Asunción, O. Jauregui, M. Urpi-Sarda and C. Andres-Lacueva [PDF: 832KB)] posted November 9 2009
• Effect of Cocoa Products on Blood Pressure: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.  American Journal of Hypertension, vol. 23, p. 97-103, 2010 by S. Desch, J. Schmidt, D. Kobler, M. Sonnabend, I. Eitel, M. Sareban, K. Rahimi, G. Schuler and H. Thiele [PDF: 146KB] posted December 22 2009  
• An LC-MS-based metabolomics approach for exploring urinary metabolome modifications after cocoa consumption. Journal of Proteome Research, vol. 8 (11), p. 5060-5068, 2009 by R. Llorach, M. Urpi-Sarda, O. Jauregui, M. Monagas and C. Andres-Lacueva [PDF: 2.34MB] posted December 22 2009

   

Antioxidants

• Quantitative analysis of N-phenylpropenoyl-L-amino acids in roasted coffee and cocoa powder by means of a stable isotope dilution assay. J Agricultural Food Chem., vol. 54, p. 2859-2876. 2006. by T. Stark, et al. [PDF: 200 kb]
• Chocolate and cocoa : New sources of trans-resveratrol and trans-piceid. Food Chemistry, vol. 98, p. 649-657. 2006. by C. Counet, et al. [PDF: 214 kb].
• Antioxident activity and polyphenol and procyanidin contents of selected commercially available cocoa-containing and chocolate products in the United States. J. Agricultural Food Chemistry, vol. 54, No. 11, p. 4062-4068, 2006 by K. Miller, D.A. Stuart, N.L. Smith, C. Lee, N.L. McHale, J.A. Flanagan, O. Boxin, and W. J. Hurst. [PDF: 191 kb]
• Procyanidin and catechin contents and antioxidant capacity of cocoa and chocolate products. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 54, p. 4057-4061, 2006. by L. Gu, S. House, X. Wu, O. Boxin, and R.L. Prior [PDF: 115 kb]
• Chocolate is a Powerful ex Vivo and in Vivo Antioxidant, an Antiatherosclerotic Agent in an Animal Model, and a Signficant Contributor to Antioxidents in the European and American Diets. Journal of agriculture and food chemistry, vol. 54, p. 8071-8076, 2006. by J.A. Vinson, J. Proch, P. Bose, S. Muchler, P. Taffera, D. Shuta, N. Samman, and G. Agbor. [PDF: 103 KB} posted Dec. 4 2006
• Antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of cocoa beans. Food Chemistry, vol. 100, p. 1523-1530, 2007. by A. Othman, A. Ismail, N.A. Ghani, and I. Adenan. [PDF: 163 KB] posted Jan. 2 2007
• Preventive antioxidant effects of cocoa polyphenolic extract on free radical production and cognitive performances after heat exposure in wistar rats. Journal of food science, vol. 72, p. S203-S206, 2007. by P. Rozan, S. Hidalgo, A. Nejdi, J.F. Bisson, R. Lalonde, and M. Messaoudi. [PDF: 105 KB] posted July 3 2007
• Cocoa-enriched diet enhances antioxidant enzyme activity and modulates lymphocyte composition in thymus from young rats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 55, p. 6431-6438, 2007 by E. Ramiro-Puig, M. Urpi-Sarda, F.J. Perez-Cano, A. Franch, C. Castellote, C. Andres-Lacueva, M. Izquierdo-Pulido, and M. Castell. [PDF: 267 KB] posted October 2 2007
• Cocoa confers lifespan extension in Drosophilia melanogaster. Nutrition Research, vol. 28, p. 377-382, 2008 by S. Bahadorani and A.J. Hilliker. [PDF: 617 KB] posted August 1 2008
• Effects of cocoa extract on glucometabolism, oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes in obese-diabetic (ob-db) rats. J. Agric. Food Chem, vol. 19, p. 7877-7884, 2008. by A. Jalil, C. Pei, M. Hamid, and S. Kamaruddin [PDF: 979 KB] posted September 29 2008
• Protection of human HepG2 cells against oxidative stress by cocoa phenolic extract. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 56, p. 7765-72, 2008. by M.A. Martin, S. Ramos, R. Mateos, A. Granado Serrano, M. Izquierdo-Pulido, L. Bravo and L. Goya. [PDF: 435 KB] posted October 24 2008
• Antioxidant properties of methanolic extracts of mistletoes (Viscum album) from cocoa and cashew trees in Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 7, p. 3138-3142 2008. by A.A. Oluwaseun and O. Ganiyu. [PDF: 81 KB] posted October 31 2008
• Cocoa: antioxidant and immunomodulator. British Journal of Nutrition, vol. 101, p. 931-940, 2009 by E. Ramiro-Puig and M. Castell. [PDF: 393KB] posted June 9 2009
• Screening antioxidants using LC-MS: case study with cocoa.  Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 57, p. 5693-5699, 2009 by A.I. C alderon, B.J. Wright, W.J. Hurst and R.B. van Breemen [PDF: 760KB] posted August 31 2009 
• Stability of cocoa antioxidants and flavan-3-ols over time.  Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 57 (20), p. 9547-9550, 2009 by W.J. Hurst, M.J. Payne, K.B. Miller and D.A. Stuart [PDF: 1.1MB] posted December 22 2009
• Cancer protective properties of cocoa: A review of the epidemiologic evidence.  Nutrition and Cancer, vol. 61, p. 573-579, 2009 by G. Maskarinec [PDF: 135KB] posted December 22 2009

Flavanols

• Flavanol-rich cocoa drink lowers plasma F2-Isoprostane concentrations in humans by Wiswedel, et al. [PDF: 254 KB]
• (-)-Epicatechin mediates beneficial effects of flavanol-rich cocoa on vascular function in humans by H. Shroeter et. al. [380 KB]
• Flavonoids from Theobroma cacao Down-Regulate Inflammatory Mediators by Ramiro et al. [PDF: 300 KB]
• Research Finds Flavanols in Cocoa May Help Treat Diabetes, Strokes and Dementia by Mars, Incorporated [PDF: 42 KB]
• Dietary flavonoids: effects on endothelial function and blood pressure. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 86, p. 2492-2498, 2006. by J.M. Hodgson and K.D. Croft. [PDF: 137 KB] posted Jan. 17 2007
• Does flavanol intake influence mortality from nitric oxide-dependent processes? Ischemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, an cancer in Panama. International Journal of Medical Sciences, vol. 4, p. 53-58, 2007. by V. Bayard, F. Chamorro, J. Motta, and N.K. Hollenberg. [PDF: 140 KB] posted Mar. 30 2007
• Consumption of flavonol-rich cocoa acutely increases microcirculation in human skin. European journal of nutrition, vol. 46, p. 53-56, 2007. by K. Neukam, W. Stahl, H. Tronnier, H. Sies, and U. Heinrich. [PDF: 191 KB] posted Mar. 30 2007
• A New Process to develop a Cocoa Powder with Higher Flavanoid Monomer Content and Enhanced Bioavailability in Healthy Humans. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, vol. 55, p. 3926-3935, 2007. by F.A. Tomas-Barberan, E. Cienfuegos-Jovellanos, A. Marin, B. Muguerza, A. Gil-Izquierdo, B. Cerda, P. Zefrilla, J. Morillas, J. Mulero, A. Ibarra, M.A. Pasamar, D. Ramon and J.C. Espin [PDF: 457 KB] posted May 30 2007
• Spleen lymphocyte function modulated by a cocoa-enriched diet. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, vol. 149, p. 535-542, 2007 by E. Ramiro-Puig, F.J. Perez-Cano, C. Ramirez-Santana, C. Castellote, M. Izquierdo-Pulido, J. Permanyer, A. Franch and M. Castell. [PDF: 378] posted October 2 2007
• A diet rich in dietary fiber from cocoa improves lipid profile and reduces malondialdehyde in hypercholesterolemic. Nutrition, vol. 23, 332-341. 2007. by E. Lecumberri, L. Goya, R. Mateos, M. Alia, S. Ramos, M. Izquierdo-Pulido, and L. Bravo. [PDF: 137 KB] posted October 31 2007
• Sustained benefits in vascular function through flavanol-containing cocoa in medicated diabetic patients a double-masked, randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 51, p.2141-9, 2008. by J. Balzer, T. Rassaf, C. Heiss, P. Kleinbongard, T. Lauer, M. Merx, N. Heussen, H.B. Gross, C.L. Keen, H. Schroeter and M. Kelm. [PDF: 335 KB] posted August 1 2008
• Flavanol-rich cocoa a promising new dietary intervention to reduce cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes? Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 51, p.2150. 2008. by U. Campia and J.A. Panza [PDF: 64 KB] posted August 1 2008
• Effect of cocoa flavanols and exercise on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese subjects. International Journal of Obesity, vol. 32, p. 1289-1296, 2008. by K. Davison, A.M. Coates, J.D. Buckley and P.R.C. Howe [PDF: 145 KB] posted September 29 2008
• Cocoa flavanols lower vascular arginase activity in human endothelial cells in vitro and in erythrocytes in vivo. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 476, p.211-215, 2008 by O. Schnorr, T. Brossette, T.Y. Momma, P. Kleinbongard, C.L. Keen, H. Schroeter and H. Sies. [PDF: 224 KB] posted September 29 2008
• Chocolate at heart: the anti-inflammatory impact of cocoa flavanols. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, vol. 52, p. 1340-1348, 2008. by C. Selmi; C.A. Cocchi; M. Lanfredini; C.L. Keen and M.E. Gershwin. [PDF: 221KB] posted December 29 2008
• Neuroprotective effect of cocoa flavonoids on in vitro oxidative stress. European Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 48, p. 54-61, 2009 by E. Ramiro-Puig, G. Casadesus, H. Lee, A. McShea, G. Perry, F.J. Perez-Cano, M.A. Smith and M. Castell. [PDF: 340KB] posted February 25 2009
• Antihypertensive effect of a polyphenol-rich cocoa powder industrially  processed to preserve the original flavonoids of the cocoa beans. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 57, p. 6156-62, 2009 by E. Cienfuegos-Jovellanos, M. del Mar Quinones, B. Muguerza, L. Moulay, M. Miguel and A. Aleixandre. [PDF: 771KB] posted August 31 2009
• Dark chocolate or tomato extract for prehypertension: a randomised  controlled trial. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 9, p. 22, 2009 by K. Ri ed, O.R. Frank and N.P. Stocks. [PDF: 355KB] posted August 31 2009
• Influence of Chocolate Matrix Composition on Cocoa Flavan-3-ol Bioaccessibility In Vitro and Bioavailability in Humans.  Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 57, p. 9418–9426, 2009 by A.P. Neilson, J.C. George, E.M. Janle, R.D. Mattes, R. Rudolph, N.V. Matusheski and M.G.Ferruzzi [PDF:826KB] posted November 9 2009  
• Dark chocolate: Consumption for pleasure or therapy?  Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis, vol. 28 (4), p. 482-488, 2009 by G. Lippi, M. Franchini, M. Montagnana, E.J. Favaloro, G.C. Guidi, G.C. and G. Targher, G. [PDF: 326KB] posted December 22 2009  
• Chocolate and red wine – A comparison between flavonoids content. Food chemistry, vol. 120, pp. 109-112, 2010 by F.A. Pimentel, J.A. Nitzke, C.B. Klipel, and E.V. de Jong, E.V. [PDF: 145KB] posted December 22 2009

Polyphenols

• Rapid reversed phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the major cocoa polyphenols and inter-relationships of their concentrations in chocolate. Journal Agricultural Food Chemistry, vol. 55, p. 2841-2847, 2007. by K.A. Cooper, E. Campos-Gimenez, D. Jimenez Alvarez, K. Nagy, J.L. Donovan, and G. Williamson. [PDF: 139 KB] posted May 30 2007
• Absorption of N-phenylpropenoyl-L-amino acids in healthy humans by oral administration of cocoa (Theobroma cacao). Molecular nutrition & food research, vol. 52, p. 1201-1214, 2008. by T. Stark, R. Lang, D. Keller, A. Hensel, and T. Hofmann [PDF: 1 MB] posted November 21 2008
• Effects of cocoa extract containing polyphenols and methylxanthines on biochemical parameters of obese-diabetic rats. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 89, p. 130-137, 2009 by A.M. Mhd Jalil; A. Ismail; P.P. Chong; M. Hamid; K. Syed and H. Syed [PDF: 131KB] posted December 29 2008
• Cacao Polyphenol Extract Suppresses Transformation of an Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in C57BL/6 Mice. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 56, p. 10399-10405, 2008 by R. Mukai; I. Fukuda; S. Nishiumi; M. Natsume; N. Osakabe; K. Yoshida and H. Ashida. [PDF: 1259KB] posted December 29 2008
• Vascular action of polyphenols. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, vol. 53, p. 322-331, 2009 by D. Ghosh and A. Sheepens. [PDF: 239KB] posted May 4 2009
• Bioavailability and health effects of cocoa polyphenols. Inflammopharmacology, vol.17, p. 111, 2009. [PDF: 52KB]. Abstract of presentation, 3rd Int. Sym. on Functional Foods, April, 2008 by G. Williamson. Posted June 9 2009
• Comparative study of commercially available cocoa products in terms of their bioactive composition.  Food Research International, vol. 42, p. 707-716, 2009 by A. Belscak, D. KomesD. Horzic, K.K. Ganic and D. Karlovic. [PDF: 644KB] posted August 31 2009
• Crude cacao theobroma cacao extract reduces mutagenicity induced by benzo[a]pyrene through inhibition of CYP1A activity in vitro. Phytotherapy Research – PTR, vol. 23, p. 1134-1139, 2009 by M. Ohno, K.Q. Sakamoto, M. Ishizuka and S. Fujita. [PDF: 170KB] posted August 31 2009
• Effect of fat content on the digestibility and bioaccessibility of cocoa polyphenol by an in vitro digestion model. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol.57, p5743-5749, 2009 by N. Ortega, J. Reguant, M.P. Romero, A. Macia, and M.J. Motilva. [PDF: 812KB] posted August 31 2009  
• Polyphenol-rich beverages: Insights from sensory and consumer science.  Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 89 (14), p. 2356-2363, 2009 by S.R. Jaeger, L.G. Axten, M.W. Wohlers and D. Sun-Waterhouse [PDF: 175KB] posted December 22 2009
• Survey of commercially available chocolate- and cocoa-containing products in the United States. 2. Comparison of flavan-3-ol content with nonfat cocoa solids, total polyphenols, and percent cacao.  Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 57 (19), p. 9169-9180, 2009 by K.B. Miller, W.J. Hurst, W.J., N. Flannigan, B. Ou, B., C.Y. Lee, N. Smith and D.A. Stuart [PDF: 1.7MB] posted December 22 2009

Phenolics

• Human Metabolic Phenotypes LInk Directly to Specific Dietary Preferences in Healthy Individuals. Journal of Proteome Research, vol. 6, p. 4465-4477, 2007. by S. Rezzi, J.K. Nicholson, and S. Kochhar. [PDF: 390 KB] January 2 2008
• Obtention and characterization of phenolic extracts from different cocoa sources. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 56, p. 9621-7, 2008. by N. Ortega, M-P. Romero, A. Macia, J. Reguant, N. Angles, J-R. Morello and M-J. Motilva [PDF: 155 KB] November 30 2008
• Epicatechin, procyanidins, and phenolic microbial metabolites after cocoa intake in humans and rats. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol. 394, p. 1545-56, 2009 by M. Urpi-Sarda, M. Monagas, N. Khan, R.M. Lamuela-Raventos, C. Santos-Buelga, E. Sacanella, M. Castell, J. Permanyer and C. Andres-Lacueva. [PDF: 324KB] posted July 31 2009
• Differences between the content of phenolic compounds in Criollo, Forastero and Trinitario cocoa seed ( Theobroma cacao L.).  European Journal of Food Research and Technology, vol.229, p. 237-948, 2009 by S. Elwers, A. Zambrano, C. Rohsius and R. Lieberei [PDF: 176KB] posted December 22 2009

General Review

• Chocolate and prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Nutrition and Metabolism, 2006, vol. 3, p. 2. by E.L. Ding, S.M. Hutfless, X. Ding, and S. Girotra. [PDF: 513 KB] posted Feb. 27 27 2007
• The medicinal use of chocolate in early North America. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, vol. 52, p. 1215-1227, 2008 by D.L. Pucciarelli and L. E. Grivetti [PDF: 399 KB] November 30 2008
• Chocolate and medicine: Dangerous liaisons?  Nutrition, vol. 25 (11-12), p. 1100-1103, 2009 by D. Lippi [PDF: 210KB] posted December 22 2009

Antimicrobial

• Inhibition by cocoa extracts of biosynthesis of extracellular polysaccharide by human oral bacteria. Archives of Oral Biology, vol. 30, p. 359-363, 1985. by V.J. Paolino and S. Kashket. [PDF: 502 KB] posted April 1 2008
• Synergistic effect of pulsed electric fields and CocoanOX 12% on the inactivation kinetics of Bacillus cereus in a mixed beverage of liquid whole egg and skim milk. International Journal of Food Microbiology, vol. 130, p. 196-204 by M.C. Pina-Perez, A.B. Silva-Angulo, D. Rodrigo and A. Martinez-Lopez. [PDF: 758KB] posted May 5 2009
• Anti-cariogenic effects of polyphenols from plant stimulant beverages (cocoa, coffee, tea). Fitoterapia, vol. 89, p. 255-262, 2009 by G.F. Ferrazzano, I. Amato, A. Ingenito, A. De Natale and A. Pollio. [PDF: 301KB] posted July 31 2009
• Cosmeceuticals and natural products: wound healing. Clinics in dermatology, vol. 27, p. 502-506, 2009 by S.C. Davis and R. Perez [PDF: 346KB] posted September 22 2009